A review is given of recent advances in the taxonomic study of organisms and current views on biological evolution and the origin of life. The steady increase in bioinformation resources is noted, which reflects the results of studies of the Earth’s biodiversity with the use of deciphered structures of biomacromolecules (DNA, RNA, proteins, etc.). This necessitates accounting for the specific character of manipulations with large data arrays, which is currently termed the big data problem.